2021

2020

• Nowicki, D.R., Randall, W.S., Sauser, B., & Lusch, R.F. (2018). Service Dominant Logic and Performance Based Logistics: A Systems Thinking Perspective. Service Science, 10 (1): 12-24.

Abstract - This paper extends recent theoretical advances by merging service-dominant logic S-D logic and performance-based contracting PBC. S-D logic is a conceptual frame of reference that defines supply chain knowledge and skill as its fundamental building blocks of strategic benefit. Cocreation of value between actors and beneficiaries is central to S-D logic and is measured through performance outcomes. PBC is a transformational departure from traditional supply chain strategies that focuses on delivering performance instead of goods and services. PBC has found increasing use in large-scale complex systems where the postproduction costs exceed the production cost, such as defense, transportation, and healthcare. These systems are commonly called sustainment-dominated systems SDSs. We use systems theory and the Boardman Soft Systems Methodology to develop a systemigram that corresponds to the 11 foundational premises of S-D logic in the context of PBC. We also verify the use of the systemigram as an instrument to instantiate systems thinking and move S-D logic from an abstract framework to a more actionable framework. This paper provides managers and researchers a systematic insight into how investment into knowledge, skills, and the cocreation of value can drive improved SDS life-cycle affordability in the context of PBC.

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• Classi, C., Nowicki, D.R., Mansouri M., Sauser, B. & Randall, W.S. (2018). A Systems Thinking Approach to Managing Sustainment Phase Redesign Planning for Large-Scale, Complex, Sustainment Dominated Systems. Engineering Management Journal, 30 (1).

Abstract - This study applies a systems thinking approach to sustainment-phase redesign planning for large-scale, complex, sustainment-dominated systems (SDSs) found in the airline, aerospace and defense, healthcare, and utilities industries. Maintaining the SDS’s effectiveness throughout its long life presents a significant engineering and business challenge. This research contributes to the literature by developing an academically rigorous redesign-planning framework (RPF) through the lens of management and systems theories and the use of the grounded theory, research methodology. With the RPF, engineering managers can now simultaneously consider key issues, improvement opportunities, and risks of SDSs to develop and execute strategic, sustainment redesign plans that improve SDS performance at a lower lifecycle cost.

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• Glassburner, A.V., Nowicki, D. R., Sauser, B., Randall, W. S., & Dickens, J. M. (2018) Theory of Paradox within Service-Dominant Logic. Service Science, 10 (2), 111-123.

Abstract - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the foundational premises of service-dominant (S-D) logic through systemic and paradoxical thinking. Systemic thinking seeks to understand phenomena holistically and elementarily, while paradoxical thinking is an ontological perspective that appreciates the plurality of phenomena and accepts the notion that underlying explanations require a “both” rather than an “and/or” commitment of understanding. S-D logic is evolving as a theoretical framework in explaining how actors conduct recursive exchanges of resources in the form of value-hosting service. As with any complex system, the holistic viewing of S-D logic reveals that the complexity of service systems is, at times, inherently paradoxical. This composition highlights how systemic and paradoxical thinking, instantiated through soft systems methodology, can advance the theoretical framework of S-D logic. The proclamation is made that the identification of paradoxes within S-D logic will aid its evolution toward a general theory of marketing.

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• Kochan, C.G., Nowicki, D.R., Sauser, B. & Randall, W.S. (2018). Impact of Cloud-Based Information Sharing on Hospital Supply Chain Performance: A System Dynamics Framework. International Journal of Production Economics. 195: 168-185.

Abstract - The inadequacies of traditional information sharing are amplified in the healthcare sector. Poor demand and inventory visibility result in demand and supply mismatch of healthcare products in ways that may have dire economic and patient care consequences. For instance, a hospital drug shortage often requires an emergency delivery. These emergency refills increase cost and may disrupt a patient's recovery process. In recent years, innovations in information technology have been leveraged to improve supply chain collaboration and move closer to matching supply with demand. In this article, we build on that body of research by examining cloud computing as an enabler of electronic supply chain management systems (e-SCMs) that enhances collaborative information sharing in a multi-echelon hospital supply chain. We use systems theory and system dynamics to develop two conceptual, causal loop diagrams (CLDs); one representing traditional and the other cloud-based information sharing in a hospital supply chain. CLDs and their equivalent system dynamics models are used to simulate the performance of traditional and cloud-based hospital supply chains. We compare the performance metrics of both models: average inventory levels, lead time, and unfilled orders. The findings of this study show that cloud-based information sharing improves visibility in healthcare supply chains. As supply chain visibility increases, a hospital's responsiveness improves. Hospitals are now in a better position to accommodate fluctuations in patient demand and supply lead times. As a consequence, hospital supply chains will experience reductions in inventory costs, supply costs, and supply shortages.

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• Sauser, B., Baldwin, C., Pourreza, S., Randall, W.S., & Nowicki, D.R. (2018). Resilience of Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises as a Correlation to Community Impact: An Agent-based Modeling Approach. Natural Hazards. 90(1): 79-99.

Abstract - Access to government funding is one of the most effective ways to enhance the resilience for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) community after a disaster. Along these lines, a major focus of SME resiliency research has been on examining factors needed to keep an SME open after a disaster. This makes sense as SMEs are critical to community recovery. It seems logical that the severity of a disaster would indicate the impact to a community. Using a systems thinking methodology, we developed a hypothesis that this correlation of severity to impact breaks down over time, causing the community to quickly spiral into trouble. This paper presents an agent-based model to test our hypothesis. The results indicate the impact to a community becomes much more extreme after a threshold or “tipping point” is crossed.

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• Hawkins, T., Gravier, M., and W.S. Randall (2018). Socio-economic sourcing: benefits of small business set-asides in public procurement. Journal of Public Procurement, Vol 18 (3), 217-219.

Abstract - Small businesses are critical to economic health and encouraged in government spending by set-asides—annual small business sourcing goals that often are not attained. Little research has explored the negative and risky stigmas associated with small business sourcing. This research explores reduced transaction costs of small business sourcing to government buyers. A survey of 350 government source selections reveals lower transaction costs derived from lower perceived risk of receiving a bid protest and via more efficient source selection processes. Contrary to common bias, the performance level of small businesses is no less than that of large business. Thus, small businesses engender lower transaction costs for correcting supplier performance. Based on these findings, managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.

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• Randall, Wesley S., David R. Nowicki, and Shailesh Kulkarni (2016). “The Science of Theoretical Minimums”. Supply Chain Management Review. April:12-19.

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• Randall, Wesley S., Timothy G. Hawkins, Jeffrey. J. Haynie, David R. Nowicki, Achilles. A. Armenakis, and Steve. R. Geary (2015). “Performance-Based Contracting and Team Processes: An Empirical Investigation”. Journal of Business Logistic. 36 (2): 212-230.

Abstract - Practitioners are using performance-based logistics (PBL) strategies to reduce cost and improve value in industries such as defense, transportation, manufacturing, and healthcare. PBL is part of a group of increasingly popular buyer–supplier strategies that focuses on outcomes as oppose to the delivery of products or services. A key tenet of PBL is the use of innovation to create cost avoidance that benefits buyers and suppliers. In this research, we explore the interfirm team-level factors associated with innovation in successful PBL strategies. This research brings together business, organizational behavior, and engineering literature to study PBL team success. The study entailed interviews with 17 managers involved in large scale PBL projects. The interviews and follow-on member checking sessions resulted in a model composed of eight emergent categories and associated propositions. Both practical and theoretical implications are provided.

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2014

• Randall, Wesley S. (2013) “Are the PBL prophets using science or alchemy to create life cycle affordability? Using theory to predict the efficacy of performance based logistics, Defense Acquisition Review Journal. October: 325-348.

Abstract - Numerous studies have provided evidence that performance based logistics (PBL) can control cost and improve performance. The success—and failure—of PBL strategies suggest the need to position the PBL research domain into a fabric of theory. Just as engineering theories predict the reliability of a new armored vehicle, economic and business theories provide a framework that explains the efficacy of PBL. This article describes the underlying theoretical fabric of PBL. Armed with a framework grounded in theory, senior leaders can make science-based decisions to explain, predict, refine, and advocate for affordability-enhancing, lifecycle governance structures by leveraging the critical success factors of PBL.

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​Public-Private Partnerships in Supply Chain Management

• Randall, Wesley S. and John Mello (2012) “Grounded Theory: An Inductive Method for Supply Chain Research”, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 42 (8): 863-880.

Abstract – Development of theory remains an essential step in the evolution of supply chain management as an integrative business discipline. Supply chain research often involves phenomena possessing complex behavioral dimensions at both the individual and organizational levels. Such complexity can require the utilization of holistic and inductive approaches in order to more fully understand the behaviors associated with the phenomena. This paper aims to provide a step-by-step guide intended to increase researchers’ understanding of the use of grounded theory (GT) methodology in supply chain contexts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues for GT as an appropriate method for studying emerging supply chain phenomena using an inductive, holistic approach. Findings – GT is positioned in a holistic framework of research methodologies. Next a step-by-step explanation of the grounded theory process is offered, illustrated by examples from the authors’ own research. Originality/value – This paper links the complex “system of systems” nature characteristic of supply chains to the need for a holistic research approach such as grounded theory. It also provides a guide for researchers, reviewers, and editors to judge sound GT. Moreover, from a practical perspective, the in-vivo nature of GT provides recognizable solutions to managerial problems. Keywords Grounded theory, Supply chain research methods, Theory development, Research methods, Supply chain management Paper type Research paper.

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• Randall, W.S., Stephen P. Brady, and David R. Nowicki (2012). Business Case Analysis and the Confounds of Innovation Driven by Performance-Based Post-Production Support Strategies. Transportation Journal, 51 (1): 33-58.

Abstract - The post-production support cost of complex systems such as rail, power, and defense often exceed the cost of research, design and production. As such systems age and degrade the traditional maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) approach does little to reduce their cost or improve performance. The failure of traditional MRO has given rise to a number of multi-year, performance-based, postproduction support strategies. These strategies drive investment to reduce cost, infuse innovation, and increase system performance. The dynamism and innovation associated with these strategies makes it diffi cult to conduct a business case analysis (BCA) that compares the return on sales model of traditional MRO to the return on investment model of performance based strategies. To address this gap in practice and theory we provide a framework for rationalizing performance-based and traditional strategies within the same BCA. We develop questions to guide the creation of BCAs that include performance-based options. Finally, we offer analytical guidance to support direct economic comparison between these two fundamentally different postproduction support strategies.

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• Nowicki, David R., Wesley S. Randall, and Jose Ramirez-Marquez, (2012) “Improving the Computational Efficiency of Metric-Based Spares Algorithms,” European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 219, No. 2, pp. 324-334.

We propose a new heuristic algorithm to improve the computational efficiency of the general class of Multi-Echelon Technique for Recoverable Item Control (METRIC) problems. The objective of a METRIC-based decision problem is to systematically determine the location and quantity of spares that either maximizes the operational availability of a system subject to a budget constraint or minimizes its cost subject to an operational availability target. This type of sparing analysis has proven essential when analyzing the sustainment policies of large-scale, complex repairable systems such as those prevalent in the defense and aerospace industries. Additionally, the frequency of these sparing studies has recently increased as the adoption of performance-based logistics (PBL) has increased. PBL represents a class of business strategies that converts the recurring cost associated with maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) into cost avoidance streams. Central to a PBL contract is a requirement to perform a business case analysis (BCA) and central to a BCA is the frequent need to use METRIC-based approaches to evaluate how a supplier and customer will engage in a performance based logistics arrangement where spares decisions are critical. Due to the size and frequency of the problem there exists a need to improve the efficiency of the computationally intensive METRIC-based solutions. We develop and validate a practical algorithm for improving the computational efficiency of a METRIC-based approach. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are analyzed through a numerical study. The algorithm shows a 94% improvement in computational efficiency while maintaining 99.9% accuracy.

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• Randall, Wesley S., C. Clifford Defee, Brian J. Gibson, and Brent D. Williams, (2011) “Retail Supply Chain Management: Key Priorities and Practices”, International Journal of Logistics Management. 22(3): 390-402.

Abstract – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unique supply chain strategies employed by retailers. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed methods approach was employed involving analysis of depth interviews with 27 retail supply chain executives combined with a follow-up survey capturing over 200 responses. Findings – In light of uncertain economic conditions, retailers appear to be developing more agile/responsive supply chain management (SCM) strategies. Additionally, retailers are putting greater emphasis on maintaining a balance of cost versus service than the cost-centered focus found in a prior study. Research limitations/implications – This study focused on US retailers and therefore results should be cautiously extended to the retailing environment in other countries. Practical implications – Retailing is not a “one size fits all” business, and study results suggest the SCM strategies used by retailers depend greatly on the nature of each retailer’s model. However, the need to create agile SCM processes while controlling costs was an overarching theme described by retailers. Originality/value – Retailers operate some of the largest and most complex supply chains, yet SCM research has generally overlooked the retail sector. This study targets this gap, and in addition introduces a novel data collection approach using clicker devices that researchers may find useful in future projects. Keywords United States of America, Retailing, Supply chain management, Logistics management, Retail logistics Paper type Research paper.

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• Randall, Wesley S., David R. Nowicki, and Timothy G Hawkins, (2011) “Explaining the Effectiveness of Performance Based Logistics: A Quantitative Examination”, International Journal of Logistics Management. 22(3): 324-348. Emerald Literati Award.

Abstract – Performance-based logistics (PBL) strategies are providing governments and for-profit organizations with a contractual mechanism that reduces the life cycle costs of their systems. PBL accomplishes this by establishing contracts that focus on the delivery of performance not parts. PBL establishes a metric based governance structure where suppliers make more profit when they invest in logistics process improvements, or system redesign, that reduces total cost of ownership. While work has been done to outline an overall PBL theoretical framework, the underlying theory explaining the enablers that lead to organizational and team-level, team-goal alignment associated with the PBL governance structure requires testing. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively test previously posited relationships between enablers of PBL and PBL effectiveness. An additional objective is to explore any differences in PBL effectiveness between different business sectors. Design/methodology/approach – A multiple regression model was developed, tested and validated to explain the effectiveness of PBL. The model was externally validated with exploratory cross-sectional survey data of 61 practitioners. Findings – This study strongly supports recent PBL theory explaining PBL effectiveness. Key antecedents include investment climate, relational exchange, PBL leadership, and business sector. Further, government organizations lag behind their commercial counterparts in PBL effectiveness and PBL leadership. Practical implications – PBL business arrangements are more effective in more favorable investment climates. Thus, leaders should welcome new ideas, empower employees, and encourage entrepreneurship. Since PBL effectiveness increases with relational exchange, building trust and communicating with suppliers is key. Leadership is also important to PBL effectiveness. Leaders should accept risk, focus on long-term affordability and performance, and align activities to achieve end-user goals. Originality/value – This research is the first quantitative test of previously posited factors affecting PBL effectiveness. Additionally, this research unveils key differences in business sectors’ use of PBL strategies. Keywords Logistics management, Leadership, Performance-based logistics, Investment climate, Sustainment, Outcome-based contracting, Post-production support, Logistics, Supportability Paper type Research paper.

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• Randall, Wesley S., Michael J. Gravier, and Victor Prybutok, (2011) “Connection, Trust, and Commitment: Dimensions of Co-Creation?,” The Journal of Strategic Marketing. 19(1): 3-24.

Abstract - The purpose of this research is to identify a key driver of relationship closeness for service organizations. Based upon the co-creation concept from Service-Dominant Logic, connection is proposed as a new construct rooted in emotional attachment that bolsters the effect of trust and commitment on future intention among customers of a service-intense organization. Causal models are verified with a large empirical sample drawn from an organization in the process of dealing with the increasing sense of depersonalization that has afflicted growing organizations in a variety of industries. The paper distinguishes an important dimension of customer relationships that can be affected by service managers in order to enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction.

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• Defee, C. Clifford, Brent D. Williams, Wesley Randall and Rodney Thomas, (2011) “An Inventory of Theories in Logistic and Supply Chain Management Research,” the International Journal of Logistics Management. (21) 3: 404-489.

Abstract – Theory is needed for a discipline to mature. This research aims to provide a summary analysis of the theories being used in contemporary logistics and supply chain management (SCM) studies. Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive literature review of articles appearing in five top tier logistics and SCM journals is conducted in order to identify how often theory is used and to classify the specific theories used. An analysis of the theoretical categories is presented to explain the type and frequency of theory usage. Findings – Over 180 specific theories were found within the sampled articles. Theories grouped under the competitive and microeconomics categories made up over 40 per cent of the theoretical incidences. This does not imply all articles utilize theory. The research found that theory was explicitly used in approximately 53 per cent of the sampled articles. Practical implications – Two implications are central. First, in the minds of editors, reviewers and authors is approximately 53 per cent theory use enough? Literature suggests there continues to be a need for theory-based research in the discipline. A first step may be to increase our theory use, and to clearly describe the theory being used. Second, the vast majority of theories used in recent logistics and SCM research originated in other disciplines. Growth in the discipline dictates the need for greater internal theory development. Originality/value – Despite multiple calls for the use of theory in logistics and SCM, little formal research has been produced examining the actual theories being used. This research provides an in-depth review and analysis of the use of theory in logistics and SCM research during the period 2004-2009. Keywords Supply chain management, Distribution management.

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• Thomas, Rodney, C. Clifford Defee, Wesley S. Randall, and Brent D. Williams (2011), “Assessing the Managerial Relevance of Contemporary Supply Chain Management Research” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. (41) 7:655-677. Bowersox Award for Best Paper 2011.

Abstract – Discussions about the managerial relevance of scholarly research have been taking place for decades and the topic continues to be a source of debate in a number of business disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to make an initial attempt to empirically assess the relevance of supply chain management research.Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative methods were utilized to provide some initial evidence that can help validate or refute assumptions about perceived relevance in contemporary supply chain management research.Findings – Findings of this research indicate that the most impactful supply chain management issues for managers are internal supply chain organizational structure, communication and information exchange, information technology, forecasting and sales and operations planning, and strategic leadership. Some of these managerial issues appear to be well aligned with recent research trends, but other issues are not frequently researched.

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​Analysis of Alternatives in System Capability Satisficing for Effective Acquisition - Brian J Sauser Ph.D, Jose E. Ramirez-­‐Marquez, Ph.D.

• Geary, Steve, Scott Koster, Wesley S. Randall, and Jeffrey Haynie, (2010) “Performance-Based Product Support Strategies: Enablers for Organic Participation in Performance Based Life Cycle Support Strategies,” Defense Acquisition Review Journal. October: 450-483.

Organic government-owned and -managed product support organizations are often viewed as less capable than their commercial counterparts. In fact, highly effective government organization participants in product support do exist, supported by a host of success enablers in use at government-owned and -managed organizations across the Services. These enablers can stimulate best-value participation by government organizations in performance-based life cycle support strategies. More effective government participation results in increased synergy and collaboration for the warfighter, the organic structure, and the taxpayer. This article documents and describes some of the success enablers used to catalyze more effective integration of the government-managed support structure into the industrial base.

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• Randall, Wesley S., Terry L. Pohlen, and Joe B. Hanna, (2010) "Evolving a Theory of Performance Based Logistics Using Insights from Service Dominant Logic,” Journal of Business Logistics. (31) 2: 35-62. “Comment by Bob Lusch: “This is the best logistics article I have read in a decade.”

This article is organized as follows. The first section reviews the related literature, identifies the insights obtained from SDL, describes PBL, and explains how SDL can be used to examine and explain PBL relationships. Next, we describe the grounded theory methodology and the analytical process employed during the research. The final section presents the theoretical model resulting from the research and describes how PBL relationships can be explained using this framework. Suggestions for future research and a summary of the key findings conclude the article.

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• Randall, Wesley S., C. Clifford Defee, and Steven Brady, (2010) “Value Propositions of the U.S. Trucking Industry,” The Transportation Journal. (12) 3: 5-23. TJ 2010 best paper award.

Abstract - This article uses a method combining analysis of Web site content with the constant comparison process from grounded theory to investigate the value propositions offered by 100 U.S. motor carriers. Using the selling messages of the Web site for these firms, coupled with follow-up interviews, we found that the basic motor carrier value proposition is developed around the four themes of time, place, value management, and value-add. In addition we found underlying capabilities (e.g., type equipment, technology, reliability) that carriers suggest are required to create those value proposition themes. These messages serve an important role in differentiating a firm’s offering in a commodity business, like the U.S. motor carrier industry, where price is not a distinguishing factor in most cases. Our findings suggest that many of the sampled firms attempt to avoid price-based commoditization through the value propositions they project.

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• Brian J. Gibson, C. Clifford Defee, and Wesley S. Randall, Claudia P. Lineros (2010), “Estado de la Cadena de Abastecimiento del Retail”. Zonalogistica. 56 (1): 62-68 (invited article).

Este equipo de profesionales realizó un estudio sobre el estado de la cadena de abastecimiento en el sector minorista. Este análisis fue desarrollado por AUBURN – College of Business y RILA – Retail Industry Leaders Association.

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The Myth of the Rheostat

• Randall, Wesley S., and M. Theodore Farris, (2009) “Utilizing Cash-to-Cash to Benchmark Company Performance,” Benchmarking: An International Journal. 16 (4): 449-469.

Abstract – The purpose of this paper is to show how the cash-to-cash (C2C) metric may be used to benchmark supply chain performance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes C2C variables as a means to benchmark company performance. Findings – Three case studies are offered where firms have benchmarked to: review their internal accounts payable policies; linked results of their benchmarking to profitability to help focus implementation efforts; and served as a call to action to proactively seek improvements with key trading partners. The models developed in this paper provide a benchmark approach to inter-firm supply chain financial management. These models have direct application in a cost conscious economy and represent a non-zero sum gain for cooperating corporations. Research limitations/implications – C2C variables are readily available for use in benchmarking. Practical implications – C2C benchmarking allows the firm to identify where to focus improvements with their supply chain trading partners. Originality/value – C2C has been touted as the first multi-dyadic supply chain metric. Keywords Supply chain management, Benchmarking, Cash flow Paper type Case study.

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• Randall, Wesley S., C. Clifford Defee, Brian J. Gibson, and Jeremy Davidson (2009), “The State of the Retail Supply Chain,” Distribution Business Management Journal. 8 (1): 6-8. (invited article).

The goal of this research is to address the knowledge gap identified by the relative lack of research in retail SCM and provide insight into the supply chain capabilities developed by best-in-class retail organizations. A slowing economy suggests this need is more critical today than ever before. We address two primary research questions. First, what supply chain challenges are of most concern to the retail industry? Second, what capabilities must retailers develop and leverage to attain supply chain excellence? Neither question has been explored in great depth by previous researchers.

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• Randall, Wesley S., and M. Theodore Farris, (2009) “Supply Chain Financing: Using Cash-To-Cash Variables to Strengthen the Supply Chain,” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. (39) 8: 669-689.

Abstract – The purpose of this paper is to show how firm financial management techniques may be used to improve over all supply chain profitability and performance. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a case-based approach to demonstrate how supply chain financial management techniques, such as cash-to-cash and shared weighted average cost of capital (WACC), can reduce the financial costs experience by a supply chain. Findings – This paper provides a methodology to identify and quantify the potential opportunities to increase profitability throughout the supply. Scenarios are offered that illuminate potential supply chain improvements gained by collaborative management of cash-to-cash cycles and sharing WACC with trading partners. Research limitations/implications – These financial techniques are readily available for use in collaborative supply chain structures. Practical implications – Coordinating financial management across the supply chain is a potential tool to align and improve the financial performance of collaborating firms. This method extends to the supply chain those historically firm-centric financial management concepts such as return on capital and cash flow. The impact is reduced overall cost generated by leveraging the financial strength of the entire supply chain. During economic downturns and times of tight credit proactively managing financials across the supply chain may be the only way some suppliers remain afloat. Originality/value – Two firm level financial management approaches are extended and they are adopted for use across the supply chain: cash-to-cash management; and leveraging a shared supply chain financing rate. This paper builds on the increasing body of research and practice that suggests trading firm-optimized for supply chain optimized performance reduces overall cost and improves customer value. Keywords Finance, Supply chain management, Cash flow, Supplier relations Paper type Case study.

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• Hawkins, Timothy, Wesley S. Randall, and C. Michael Wittmann, (2009) “An Empirical Examination of Reverse Auction Appropriateness,” Journal of Supply Chain Management. 45 (4): 55-71.

Abstract - Electronic reverse auctions (e-RAs) are receiving attention as an effective strategy for reducing the price of purchased goods and services. To optimize their use, sourcing professionals will need to match firm requirements to market characteristics and supplier capabilities through the application of optimal sourcing strategies. To date, explanations of why sourcing managers decide to utilize an e-RA strategy are incomplete. This study relies upon strategic sourcing concepts coupled with extant research on e-RA use to develop a conceptual model of antecedents to the perceived appropriateness of e-RA usage. The model is tested and supported via structural equation modeling. Findings demonstrate that a sourcing professional’s perception as to the appropriateness of using an e-RA for sourcing a particular requirement is influenced by (1) the specifiability of the requirement (2) supplier competition, (3) leadership influence, and (4) a price-based selection criterion. Further, a requirement with higher specifiability was found to increase competition in an e-RA bidding event. Contributions to theory, practice, and future research directions are identified.

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• Defee, C. Clifford, Wesley S. Randall and Brian J. Gibson (2009) “Roles and Capabilities of the Retail Supply Chain Organization,” Journal of Transportation Management. 21 (2): 49-64.

Abstract - Supply chain management (SCM) has become a critical strategic function in recent years. Research in the discipline has been focused toward the upstream side of the supply chain on functions such as warehousing, transportation, procurement and production. As power has shifted downstream toward retailers and their customers, SCM research has been slow to respond. This represents a significant gap, and a significant opportunity. Retailers face challenges that differ from those found in upstream suppliers and manufacturers. We present findings from a study of senior supply chain executives in the retail industry that focuses on the supply chain challenges of greatest importance to retailers, and the evolving capabilities used to address these issues.

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• Randall, Wesley S., and C. Clifford Defee, (2008) “Exploring the 3PL Value Proposition,” Journal of Transportation Management. 19 (1): 17-39.

Abstract - Marketing scholars suggest core competitive advantage in modern markets is most effectively represented by the firm’s value proposition. While much of the value proposition research is rooted in the marketing discipline, it is increasingly a topic of interest in supply chain literature. Value propositions are analyzed by the contracting organization when contemplating the hiring of a third-party logistics firm for example. This investigation responds to theory-based calls into 3PL research by employing a grounded theory based content analysis of 3PL websites, with the intention of understanding the structure of a the 3PL value proposition. The results indicate that 3PL’s produce a range of value propositions that coalesce around three distinct value propositions associated with solutions, services and integration.

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• Hamilton, Raymond A., Wesley S. Randall, and Joe Hanna, (2008) "Aviation Management: A Discipline in Crisis," Collegiate Aviation Review. 26 (2): 47-58

Abstract -This article presents a detailed description of the key attributes of undergraduate aviation management programs. This exploratory research provides insight into key program issues in a manner designed to stimulate meaningful dialogue among aviation management faculty based on a study of 56 collegiate aviation baccalaureate programs. This investigation resulted in a taxonomy of aviation management curricula that examines: (1) breadth of curriculum, (2) science foundation, and (3) curriculum structure. Research results show that two primary dimensions emerged. The first is an operational vs. business processing oriented dimension. The second is a functional vs. asset understanding oriented curricula. The findings reveal that most programs are clustered around operational process–asset understanding. The authors advocate a need for increased business management oriented curricula focused by industry perspective and participation.

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• Gravier, Michael, Wesley S. Randall, & David Strutton, (2008) “The Role of Knowledge, Cohesion, and Environmental Uncertainty in Alliance Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Knowledge Management. 12 (6): 117-130.

Abstract – The purpose of this paper is to show that following from the premise that knowledge comprises the fundamental source of competitive advantage, this study provides results of a meta-analysis that examines whether and how alliance performance is influenced by the role knowledge plays in a strategic alliance. Design/methodology/approach – Meta-analysis is employed as the driving methodology in this study. The meta-analysis approach permits the literature on interfirm knowledge management to be reviewed and synthesized such that the role of knowledge in the alliance, environmental risk, and alliance performance can be thoroughly and validly investigated. Findings – The findings suggest that the level of risk associated with the environment in which the alliance partners join forces does not moderate the relationship between the various ‘‘roles’’ of knowledge and alliance performance, whereas the magnitude and type of interfirm cohesiveness enjoyed or endured by the alliance participants does materially impact alliance performance. These performance differences suggest that – when the subject is alliance performance – knowledge management strategies matter more than environmental factors. Research implications/limitations – The environmental uncertainty construct proved the biggest surprise, given conventional views that alliances should prove more effective in turbulent environments. However, implications are limited by observations that suggest the current alliance literature lacks well-developed and corroborated knowledge and performance constructs. This, in turn, implies researchers should systematically assess the validity of extant knowledge and performance measures. Practical implications – The observed positive relationship between increased levels of knowledge interchange, alliance cohesion, and alliance performance is a materially practical implication. This was especially true within industries that are inherently more dependent on vertical supplier or buyer relationships, such as manufacturing and services. Active interfirm knowledge management appears to contribute more to alliance performance than environmental factors. Originality/value – This paper describes the first study to meta-analyze the role and influence of knowledge constructs within the alliance literature. As such, the results empirically confirm some presumed conventional wisdoms while calling others into question. Keywords Strategic alliances, Knowledge creation, Knowledge management, Knowledge sharing Paper type Research paper.

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